Why is the Calvin cycle referred to as the light-independent reactions?

The Calvin cycle is referred to as the light-independent reactions because it does not directly require light energy to proceed. Instead, it utilizes the products of the light-dependent reactions, namely ATP and NADPH, to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. This process can occur at any time, whether in the presence of light or in darkness, as long as the necessary substrates (CO2, ATP, and NADPH) are available.

The term "light-independent" often leads to confusion, but it highlights that the Calvin cycle is not driven by light energy itself but rather by the energy carriers produced during the light-dependent reactions. This distinction is crucial in understanding how photosynthesis operates as a whole, combining both light-dependent and light-independent processes to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic inputs.