Which phase in photosynthesis converts sunlight energy to ATP and NADPH?

The light-dependent reactions are the phase in photosynthesis that specifically converts sunlight energy into chemical energy, manifested as ATP and NADPH. During this stage, light is absorbed by chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, driving electron transport chains. This process involves the photolysis of water, releasing oxygen as a byproduct while transferring energy to synthesize ATP through phosphorylation and to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

Both ATP and NADPH are critical for the next phase of photosynthesis, known as the Calvin cycle, where the energy stored in these molecules is utilized to convert carbon dioxide into glucose. By understanding the distinct roles of these reactions, it becomes clear how the light-dependent reactions lay the groundwork for the subsequent synthesis of organic compounds in plants.